No harm done. Take 30 seconds to learn what to watch for.
The "Microsoft 365 password expires today" email you just clicked was a simulation sent by EAS IT, not a real message. Nothing you typed was saved, and there is nothing wrong with your account.
If it had been a real attacker, your account could have been taken over. Here is what gave it away:
When in doubt, do not click. Use the Report Phishing button in Outlook, or contact IT.